常见疑问（F.A.Q.） - 5. 安装，使用和维护 Fink

A: fink 命令可以设定代理服务器，并把它传递给 wget/curl。 如果在首次安装的时候没有向你询问代理服务器设置，你可以运行 fink configure 来进行设置。 你可以随时运行这个命令来重新配置 fink 命令。 如果你按照安装指南进行安装，并使用 /opt/sw/bin/init.csh（或 /opt/sw/bin/init.sh），那么 apt-get 和 dselect 也可以使用这些设置。请确认你已经把协议名放在代理服务器域名之前，例如：

ftp://proxy.yoursite.somewhere

如果你仍然碰到问题，那么打开系统预置，选择网络设置面板，确认 "使用被动 FTP 模式 (PASV)" 选项已被选中。

A: 不行。 当然，你可以用 mv 命令或 Finder 来移动它们，但如果你这样做的话， 99%　的程序将不能工作。 这是引文基本上所有 Unix 软件都是使用固定编码在程序中的路径名来寻找数据文件，库或其它东西的》

A: 也许。 通常的猜测这应该可行，但也许会有些陷阱在某些地方。

A: Fink 的所有文件几乎都安装在 /opt/sw （或你选择安装的地方）。因此，如果你想删除 Fink，输入下面的命令：

sudo rm -rf /opt/sw

这个规则的唯一例外是 XFree86。如果你通过 Fink 安装（也就是说，你安装了 xfree86， 或 xfree86-rootless 或 xorg 软件包， 而不是使用 system-xfree86）并希望删除它，你需要再输入：

sudo rm -rf /usr/X11R6 /etc/X11 /Applications/XDarwin.app

如果你不是打算重安装 Fink 的话，根据你的配置方式你还要使用一个纯文本编辑器，从你的 .cshrc 文件中删除 "source /opt/sw/bin/init.csh" 这一行；或从 .bashrc 文件中删除 "source /opt/sw/bin/init.sh" 这一行。

A: First make sure you understand what 'unstable' means. Packages in the unstable tree are not in stable for any number of reasons. It could be because there are known issues, validation errors, or just not enough people giving feedback that the package works for them. For that reason, Fink doesn't search the unstable tree by default.

If you do enable unstable, please remember to e-mail the maintainer if something works (or even if it doesn't). Feedback from users like you is what we use to determine if something is ready for stable! To find out the maintainer of a package, run fink info packagename.

For fink-0.26 and later: If you run fink configure one of the questions will ask whether you want to turn the unstable trees on.

To configure Fink to use unstable when you have an earlier version of the fink tool than 0.26, edit /opt/sw/etc/fink.conf, and add unstable/main and unstable/crypto to the Trees: line.

If you use Fink Commander, then there is a Preference to use unstable packages.

None of these options actually download the unstable tree's package descriptions.You'll need to turn on rsync or cvs updating to do this, which is not set up by default on a new Fink installation. The following command sequence will set you up on a new Fink installation:

fink selfupdate

followed by

fink selfupdate-rsync

or

fink selfupdate-cvs

and then

fink index -f
fink scanpackages

Note: There are Fink Commander analogs for everything except fink index -f. You will have to use the command line for that.

If you're already set up with rsync or cvs updating, then the following command sequence (or the Fink Commander analogs) will suffice:

fink selfupdate
fink index
fink scanpackages
	

If you're not sure what your update method is, check fink --version in at a command line and see if that mentions cvs or rsync.

If you don't want to install any more from unstable than your specific package(s) and its (their) dependencies, (and any base packages that got updated) don't use the update-all command until you turn the unstable tree back off.

A: No, but it is highly recommended you do. Mixing and matching can cause unforseen issues that make it difficult to debug problems when they do arise.

That said, if you only want one or two specific packages, and nothing else from unstable, then you need to switch over to CVS updating (i.e. use fink selfupdate-cvs), because rsync only updates the trees that are active in your fink.conf. Edit /opt/sw/etc/fink.conf and add local/main to the Trees: line, if not present. Then you'll need to run fink selfupdate to download the package description files. Now copy the relevant .info files (and their associated .patch files, if there are any) from /opt/sw/fink/dists/unstable/main/finkinfo (or /opt/sw/fink/dists/unstable/crypto/finkinfo) to /opt/sw/fink/dists/local/main/finkinfo. However, note that your package may depend on other packages (or particular versions) which are also only in unstable. You will have to move their .info and .patch files as well. After you move all of the files, make sure to run fink index, so that Fink's record of available packages is updated. Once you're done you can switch back to rsync (fink selfupdate-rsync) if you want.

A: 你可以配制 sudo 不需要询问你密码。用 root 权限运行 visudo 命令，并添加一行：

username ALL =(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

把 username 替换为实际的用户名。这一行使得你可以运行 sudo 命令而不需要输入密码。

A: init.csh 和 init.sh 并不能象普通命令一样运行。这些文件会设置象 PATH 和 MANPATH 这样的环境变量到你的 shell 程序中。要对 shell 一直起作用的话，对于 csh/tcsh，它需要由一个 source 命令来运行；或对于 bash/zsh，使用" . "命令，象这样：

对 csh/tcsh：

source /opt/sw/bin/init.csh

或对 bash/zsh：

. /opt/sw/bin/init.sh

A: 你也许把 apt 指向了一个 Debian 的镜像服务器，当然那里没有任何 Fink 文件。 你可以手工或通过 dselect 来修复。 要手工修复，使用 root 权限用纯文本编辑器编辑 /opt/sw/etc/apt/sources.list 文件。删除包含 debian.org 的行，并换成：

deb http://us.dl.sourceforge.net/fink/direct_download release main crypto
deb http://us.dl.sourceforge.net/fink/direct_download current main crypto

（或如果你居住在欧洲，你可以使用 eu.dl.sourceforge.net 来代替 us.dl.sourceforge.net）。

要用 dselect 来修复它，再次运行 "[A]ccess"，选择 "apt" 方法并输入下面的信息：

URL: http://us.dl.sourceforge.net/fink/direct_download - Distribution: release - Components: main crypto

然后，如果你希望添加其它来源，你可以重复上面的过程，并用 "current" 来代替 "release"。

一个 apt 软件包修正版（提供了配制脚本作为 dselect 的插件）可以通过 CVS 获得。

A: If this always happens, then you may have inadvertently modified (or failed to modify) your startup scripts. Run the /opt/sw/bin/pathsetup.sh script in a terminal window. This program will attempt to detect your default shell and add a command to load Fink's shell initialization script into your shell's configuration. You'll then need to open a new terminal session so that your environment settings are loaded. Note: Some older versions fink called this script pathsetup.command instead of pathsetup.sh. Alternately, you can run the pathsetup.app application on the Fink binary distribution disk image.

On the other hand, if you only have problems in the Apple X11 terminal, the easy solution is to modify the "Terminal" entry in the X11 Application menu via the Applications->Customize Menu... option. Instead of just

xterm

change the command field to read

xterm -ls

ls here means login shell, and the result is that your full login setup gets used (just like the OS X Terminal).

These /opt/sw/bin/init.* scripts do much more than just add /opt/sw/bin to your PATH. Many packages will not work correctly without these additional actions.

A: 如果你安装了开发工具包，你可以做到这一点。你可以运行下面的命令：

sudo /Developer/Tools/SetFile -a V /opt/sw

这会使得 /opt/sw 象其它标准系统文件夹一样（比如 /usr），在 Finder 中不可见。如果你没有开发工具包，也有其它第三方程序可以让你修改文件属性-你需要把 /opt/sw 设为隐藏。

A: 在 dselect 和 终端程序（Terminal.app）中间存在一些问题。暂时解决方法是在运行 dselect 前输入下面的命令。

对 tcsh 用户：

setenv TERM xterm-color

对 bash 用户：

export TERM=xterm-color

你可以把它放到你的启动文件（比如 .cshrc 或 .profile），这样它就总是会自动运行。

A: 我们不推荐把你的 Fink 目录树放到名字中有空格的目录里面。完全不值得冒这个险。

A: 如果你看到这样的错误：

Err file: local/main Packages
  File not found
Ign file: local/main Release
Err file: stable/main Packages
  File not found
Ign file: stable/main Release
Err file: stable/crypto Packages
  File not found
Ign file: stable/crypto Release
...
Failed to fetch
file:/opt/sw/fink/dists/local/main/binary-darwin-powerpc/Packages
File not found
Failed to fetch
file:/opt/sw/fink/dists/stable/main/binary-darwin-powerpc/Packages
File not found
Failed to fetch
file:/opt/sw/fink/dists/stable/crypto/binary-darwin-powerpc/Packages
File not found
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
E: Some index files failed to download, they have been ignored, or old
ones used instead.

update available list script returned error exit status 1.

或

W: Couldn't stat source package list file: unstable/main Packages
(/opt/sw/var/lib/apt/lists/_sw_fink_dists_unstable_main_binary-darwin-
powerpc_Packages) - stat (2 No such file or directory)

那么你需要做的是运行 fink scanpackages。这会生成那些找不到的文件。

A: 在改动 Fink 的安装环境（源代码或二进制安装都是它的子集），需要告诉 Fink 发生了这些变动。要这样做，我们要运行一个通常是在首次安装的时候才运行的脚本：

/opt/sw/lib/fink/postinstall.pl

运行完这个脚本以后，Fink 应该能够适应改动的结果。

A: 出错的形式：

gzip -dc /opt/sw/src/dpkg-1.10.9.tar.gz | /opt/sw/bin/tar -xf -
### execution of gzip failed, exit code 139

或

gzip -dc /opt/sw/src/aquaterm-0.3.0a.tar.gz | /opt/sw/bin/tar -xf -
gzip: stdout: Broken pipe
### execution of gzip failed, exit code 138

或

dpkg-deb -b root-base-files-1.9.0-1
/opt/sw/fink/dists/unstable/main/binary-darwin-powerpc/base
### execution of dpkg-deb failed, exit code 1
Failed: can't create package base-files_1.9.0-1_darwin-powerpc.deb

或在运行 fileutils 中的工具时出现 segmentation faults 错误。比如：ls 或 mv，这很可能时因为某个库的预绑定错误，这可以通过运行下面命令来修正：

sudo /opt/sw/var/lib/fink/prebound/update-package-prebinding.pl -f

A: 发生这个现象的原因是 OS X 的终端程序被告知每次登录的时候需要运行 /opt/sw/bin/pathsetup.command 命令。你可以通过删除下面的文件 ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Terminal.plist 来修正这一点。

如果这个配置文件里面有你需要保留的配置信息（所以你不能删除它），你可以用纯文本编辑器来编辑它，删除包含 /opt/sw/bin/pathsetup.command 的一行。

A: 如果你的错误信息是象这样的：

This first test is designed to die, so please ignore the error
message on the next line.
# Looks like your test died before it could output anything.
./00compile............................ok
./Base/initialize......................ok
./Base/param...........................ok
./Base/param_boolean...................ok
./Command/cat..........................ok
./Command/chowname.....................#     
Failed test (./Command/chowname.t at line 27)
#          got: 'root'
#     expected: 'nobody'

那么你需要在 Fink 安装的驱动器/分区上运行 Get Info，并取消选择 "Ignore ownership" 的按钮。

A: If you get an error that ends with

Failed: No mirror site list file found for mirror 'gnu'.

then most likely you need to update the fink-mirrors package, e.g. via:

fink install fink-mirrors

A: This error:

Failed: Can't move "/opt/sw/fink" out of the way.

is usually due, in spite of what it says, to permissions errors in one of the temporary directories that get created during a selfupdate. Remove these:

sudo rm -rf /opt/sw/fink.tmp /opt/sw/fink.old

A: If you see the following (so far only seen on OS 10.4):

No fonts found; this probably means that the fontconfig
library is not correctly configured. You may need to
edit the fonts.conf configuration file. More information
about fontconfig can be found in the fontconfig(3) manual
page and on http://fontconfig.org.

then you can fix it by running

sudo fc-cache

A: This message commonly means that you've tried to run the Fink installer as user who doesn't have administrative privileges. Make sure to log in at the login screen as such a user or switch to such a user in the Finder (i.e. fast user switching) before starting the Fink installer.

If you're having trouble even when using an admin account, then it's likely a problem with the permissions on your top-level directory. Use Apple's Disk Utility (from the Utilities sub-folder in your Applications folder), select the hard drive in question, choose the First Aid tab, and press Repair Disk Permissions. If that doesn't work, then you may need to set your permissions manually via:

sudo chmod 1775 /